Would be great if someone could review the history of why Europe felt that a 25kph/15.5mph assist limit was so important when traditional road bikes are commonly ridden at faster speeds. Why didn't an adult in the room stand up and say let's just put appropriate speed limits on the various path/sidewalk/lanes that bikes travel in?
It is so obvious that there were commercial interests behind the restricted assist speeds and that they are the ones that also claimed it was all about safety. That is a full pitcher of false claim koolaid and yet far too many have been convinced it's true.
Okay, imagine a group of Eurocrats sitting somewhere in the main EC building in Brussels. They're off on one of their myriad wine breaks, enjoying being paid upwards of €5k/month for basically less than 1hr/day of work. In between idle conversation, one of the Eurocrats casually brings up these "ebikes" and how the higher-ups want some sort of framework with dealing with this. Clearly nobody is actually interested in researching this topic because, umm, that's actual work and the EEC (as it was called) doesn't actually engage in that unless absolutely necessary.
So they think "hmm, can't we just steal a similar regulatory note somewhere?". They find some unlucky intern and ask them to come up with anything serviceable to show to management. The intern opens Bing and searches for something like "ebike regulation". And he hits jackpot, finding that Japan has put in place a framework that, among other things, restricts speed to 25kph and also mandates that PAS be installed and that throttles are a no-no. The intern hands in the report, unchanged, to his manager and is never mentioned again.
The next day, at one of the wine breaks, the guy tasked with making draft regulation is boasting to his colleagues how easy it was to come up with something sensible. "Oh, sure, there are issues," he says, "like, the Japanese are not as tall nor as heavy, but you know, if I had to adjust this for Europe, that would be actual work."
"Mais oui," picks up another Eurocrat, "it's not like we're going to have public consultations over this. We just put it in place and the peasants will swallow it like a stale croissant anyway." Laughter erupts, people cheer.